Normalize applies the following rules

• Normalize and expand rules
• Rules for normalizing functions
  • Collapse factors of a variable (NormalizeMultRule)
  • Collapse multiplications and additions (CollapseEqualOpsRule)
  • Collapse powers of i (CollapsePowerOfIRule)
  • Evaluate expressions involving only numbers (PropagateConstantsRule)
  • Evaluate expressions having zero as a factor (RemoveZeroMultRule)
  • Evaluate powers with zero as exponent (RemoveZeroExponentRule)
  • Collapse equal children belonging to addition operations (SummarizeEqualAddChildrenRule)
  • Collapse equal children belonging to multiplication operations (SummarizeEqualMultChildrenRule)
  • Remove neutral elements (RemoveNeutralElementRule)
  • Collapse powers (CollapsePowerRule)
  • Collapse powers when rational (CollapseRationalPowerRule)
  • Simplify constants of single nodes (NormalizeConstantRule)
  • Collapse function nodes that have their inverse function as child (CollapseInverseFunctionRule)
  • Collapse function nodes for powers and n-roots (CollapseNrtRule)
  • Symmetry of elementary functions (HandleFunctionSymmetryRule)
  • Distributive law (NormalizeAddRule)
• Rules for expanding functions
  • Distributive law (ExpandProductRule)
  • Expand data in single node (ExpandInternalDataRule)
  • Expands a power of products (ExpandPowerRule)
  • Expands a power of sums (ExpandPowerOfSumRule)

Normalize and expand rules

This section will cover the rules that are applied when normalizing and/or expanding functions. But before we start on
that, take a look at the example below which explains shortly how functions are handled internally within MUMIE.

Example:
Take the following function: $$x^4 \cdot (3 + 2)$$. To input the function into MUMIE, you would type the following:
x^4*(3+2), which in turn could be graphically displayed as the image below.

MUMIE uses the following terminology regarding the tree you see above.

• node referring to a box in the tree
• operation every node, together with its children, can be referred to as an operation.
  The example above consists of the following operations
  • Multiplication Operation (or simply MultiplicationOp)
  • PowerOp,
  • AddOp
  • VariableOp and
  • NumberOp.

Operations can be combined together to make more complex operations. The formula used above can therefor also be referred to as an operation.

Every node has the following properties:

• factor
• exponent

and based on the type, possibly a:

• base (if it is a NumberOp)
• identifier (if it is a VariableOp)

Keeping this in our mind, we can take a look at the rules being applied when normalizing and/or expanding functions.
When normalizing/expanding, all rules will be applied until a stable state of the function has been reached, resulting in a normalized/expanded function. The rules for
normalization and expanding
below (showing the Class name of the Java-code in brackets), along with several examples for each rule.

Rules for normalizing functions

Collapse factors of a variable (NormalizeMultRule)

$$3 \cdot 5 \cdot x$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$15x$$
$$3 \cdot 5 \cdot x + 2 \cdot 4 \cdot y + 2 \cdot 3$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$15x+8y+2 \cdot 3$$

Collapse multiplications and additions (CollapseEqualOpsRule)

For addition:

$$4+(3-4)$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$4+3-4$$
$$3-(-4+x)$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$3+4-x$$

For multiplication:

$$3 \cdot (4 \cdot 9 \cdot x)$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$3 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 \cdot x$$
$$\frac{3}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot x}$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$\frac{3 \cdot 4}{x \cdot 1}$$

Collapse powers of i (CollapsePowerOfIRule)

$$i^2$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$-1$$
$$i^8$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$1$$
$$i^{-7}$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$i$$

Evaluate expressions involving only numbers (PropagateConstantsRule)

$$12.0+2.0^{3.0} \cdot 3$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$36$$

Evaluate expressions having zero as a factor (RemoveZeroMultRule)

$$0 \cdot 3$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$0$$
$$0 \cdot x$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$0$$

Evaluate powers with zero as exponent (RemoveZeroExponentRule)

$$2x^{0}$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$2 \cdot 1$$

Collapse equal children belonging to addition operations (SummarizeEqualAddChildrenRule)

$$y+2x + z - x$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$y+x+z$$

Collapse equal children belonging to multiplication operations (SummarizeEqualMultChildrenRule)

$$x \cdot y \cdot x$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$x^2 \cdot y$$
$$y \cdot x^2 \cdot z \cdot x^{-1}$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$y \cdot x \cdot z$$

Remove neutral elements (RemoveNeutralElementRule)

Only handles the following three cases

$$x \cdot 1$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$x$$
$$x \cdot -1$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$-x$$
$$x + 0$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$x$$

Collapse powers (CollapsePowerRule)

Implements the following two rules:

$$(a^b)^c$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$a^{bc}$$
$$e^x$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$\exp(x)$$

Collapse powers when rational (CollapseRationalPowerRule)

If the node is a PowerOp with a rational exponent and the denominator of the exponent is n != 1. An n-th root node will be added as parent and the child will get the numerator as exponent.

$$x^{\frac{3}{2}}$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$\sqrt{x^3}$$

Simplify constants of single nodes (NormalizeConstantRule)

Sets exponent to $$1$$ and factor to $$+/- 1$$ and calculates its base.

$$(-2)^3$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$-8$$

Collapse function nodes that have their inverse function as child (CollapseInverseFunctionRule)

This rule only works on functions that have an inverse function defined.

$$\cos(\arccos(x))$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$x$$
$$\ln(\exp(x))$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$x$$

Collapse function nodes for powers and n-roots (CollapseNrtRule)

This is a special case of the above rule.

$$\sqrt{x^2}$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$\vert x \vert$$

Symmetry of elementary functions (HandleFunctionSymmetryRule)

Currently only applies to the following functions: @abs, acos, asin, atan, cos, cosh, n-root (for uneven n), sinh, sin and tan@. The rule is dependent on whether the function is symmetric or antisymmetric.

$$\sin(-x)$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$-\sin(x)$$
$$\vert -x \vert$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$\vert x \vert$$

Distributive law (NormalizeAddRule)

$$3 \cdot (-x + 4)$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$-3x + 12$$

Rules for expanding functions

Distributive law (ExpandProductRule)

$$4 \cdot (-b-3)$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$4 \cdot (-b) + 4 \cdot (-3)$$

Expand data in single node (ExpandInternalDataRule)

$$-x^6$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$-1 \cdot x^6$$

Expands a power of products (ExpandPowerRule)

$$(2 \cdot x)^4$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$2^4 \cdot x^4$$

Expands a power of sums (ExpandPowerOfSumRule)

$$(2+x)^4$$	$$\Rightarrow$$	$$(2+x) \cdot (2+x) \cdot (2+x) \cdot (2+x)$$